Graphs and transformations Pure

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question required learners to apply a transformation to a point in an unknown function and identify the new coordinates. However, many found it more challenging than was likely intended. In part (a), the majority of responses scored the first mark for their coordinate (4, 4) - . Where errors were seen, these were usually because the learner had translated in the y- direction or the wrong x-direction.

Common mistakes

• f(x + 2) is a translation of 2 to the left: (6, −4) → (4, −4)
• errors translating in the y-direction or to the right

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question required learners to apply a transformation to a point in an unknown function and identify the new coordinates. However, many found it more challenging than was likely intended. Part (b) proved to be the most challenging element of the question. A significant number of responses did not recognise that finding the inverse function required reflecting a point in the line y x = , where they just needed to swap the coordinates. Instead, many attempted incorrect transformations, such as reflecting in the x- or y-axis, swapping signs, or confusing the inverse with the reciprocal function. Common incorrect responses included ( ) 6, 4 - , ( ) 4, 6 - , 1 6, 4 - , and 1 1 , 6 4 - , indicating misunderstanding of the effect of an inverse function on a coordinate. The notation also appeared to cause confusion for some. Overall, very few correct responses were seen, and this part of the question successfully discriminated between stronger and weaker learners.

Common mistakes

• the graph of the inverse is the reflection in y = x, so swap the coordinates: (−4, 6)
• common errors (6, 4), (−4, −6), reciprocals such as (1/6, −1/4) (confusing inverse with reciprocal)
• very few correct

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question required learners to apply a transformation to a point in an unknown function and identify the new coordinates. However, many found it more challenging than was likely intended. Part (c) required learners to apply a sequence of transformations to a coordinate. Although full methods were not required, those who sketched diagrams or worked step by step were generally more successful, often gaining credit for identifying the correct x coordinate. A few responses showed initiative by creating their own version of the function to support their working. However, many responses did not have a clear structure, which limited access to full marks. A common error was not applying the modulus correctly. Many learners evaluated ( ) 2 4 3 11 x - - = - giving the incorrect coordinate ( ) 6, 11 , - rather than applying the modulus: 2 4 3 5 x - -= ∣∣ , giving the correct y coordinate. This suggests that while the structure of the transformation was understood, accuracy in execution was sometimes lacking. Other frequent incorrect answers included: ( ) 12, 5 , where the x-value was incorrectly doubled, ( ) 6, 3 , from adding rather than multiplying and ( ) 9, 4 - , due to changing x instead of y. 5

Common mistakes

• modulus first: 2 × (modulus of −4) − 3 = 5, so (6, 5)
• common errors (6, −11) ignoring the modulus, (12, 5) doubling x, (6, 3), (9, −4)
• working step by step helps

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

For part (i), y = f (x + 2) was generally drawn well, with most candidates achieving the correct horizontal translation with correct points and the correct asymptote labelled. The most common mistake was to translate the curve to the right, and therefore only scoring the first mark. A few students added 2 to the y-coordinates of each point, attempting an upwards translation. While there were many good sketches with many candidates scoring full marks on this part of the question, there were also a lot of careless sketches with the maximum not clearly being on the y-axis and curves crossing or curving away from the asymptote. Most wrote their coordinates and the equation of the asymptote correctly. Part (ii) was not answered as well as part (i) with a variety of different mistakes for the curve y = -f (x), the most common being to reflect the curve in the y-axis. Some candidates correctly reflected the curve in the x-axis but did not change the asymptote from y = 3 to y = -3. Sometimes this mistake lost all 3 marks because the curve was partly drawn in quadrant 1. Others translated the curve or found incorrect coordinates. Again, some curves were drawn poorly, so that the main features were not clearly identifiable and the coordinates unclear. The point (2,-7) was often not at the minimum point and frequently the curve did not tend towards the asymptote.

Common mistakes

• f(x + 2) is a translation 2 to the LEFT: maximum at (0, 7), x-intercept (−3, 0), asymptote still y = 3
• translating right or adding 2 to y
• maximum not clearly on the y-axis
• curve crossing or curving away from the asymptote
• asymptote must be labelled as an equation

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

For part (i), y = f (x + 2) was generally drawn well, with most candidates achieving the correct horizontal translation with correct points and the correct asymptote labelled. The most common mistake was to translate the curve to the right, and therefore only scoring the first mark. A few students added 2 to the y-coordinates of each point, attempting an upwards translation. While there were many good sketches with many candidates scoring full marks on this part of the question, there were also a lot of careless sketches with the maximum not clearly being on the y-axis and curves crossing or curving away from the asymptote. Most wrote their coordinates and the equation of the asymptote correctly. Part (ii) was not answered as well as part (i) with a variety of different mistakes for the curve y = -f (x), the most common being to reflect the curve in the y-axis. Some candidates correctly reflected the curve in the x-axis but did not change the asymptote from y = 3 to y = -3. Sometimes this mistake lost all 3 marks because the curve was partly drawn in quadrant 1. Others translated the curve or found incorrect coordinates. Again, some curves were drawn poorly, so that the main features were not clearly identifiable and the coordinates unclear. The point (2,-7) was often not at the minimum point and frequently the curve did not tend towards the asymptote.

Common mistakes

• −f(x) is a reflection in the x-axis: minimum (2, −7), intercept (−1, 0), asymptote y = −3
• reflecting in the y-axis is the commonest error

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This was the first question on the paper where there was wide discrimination between the marks of responses, and many struggled with knowing how to handle a quartic function. Part (b) required using the given information and the figure to find the equation of the quartic. Many started with an appropriate form of a quartic however there were a few learners who considered quadratic or cubic functions. Finding the equation of the quartic curve could be done very efficiently or with a lot of algebra. The most efficient method was to consider the factorised form based on the repeated roots of curve. Those who recognised this form were the most successful. The coordinates of the y-intercept could then be used to establish the equation of the curve. This stage was generally correctly done to obtain a negative quartic, however sign errors did lead to some positive quartics being generated. A common error was to assume that there was an additive constant translating the curve rather than a multiplicative scaling constant. Those who took other approaches had a lot more to do to ascertain the coefficients of the terms within the quartic. With these methods algebraic mistakes were often seen. Common methods involved considering the general form of a quartic with the x-intercepts and the x coordinates of the stationary points, or recognising the factors from the single roots of the quartic combined with an unknown quadratic factor or considering the cubic form of the derivative and integrating or combining with the general form of the quartic. Many learners were able to arrive at some of the equations linking the coefficients with appropriate substitution of values, however, not all response found all the equations and accurately proceed to a correct equation for the curve. It was common to see algebraic errors in the formation and solution of the equations. 11 A common mistake with all of the methods was to present an expression rather than an equation of the curve. There was a wide variety of responses to this question, with some not attempting it and others having multiple attempts to find the equation of the curve generating solutions which was at times difficult to follow.

Common mistakes

• double roots at −1 and 5: y = α(x + 1)²(x − 5)², and (0, −75) gives α = −3
• must be an equation (y = ...), not an expression
• adding a constant instead of scaling
• long general-quartic methods led to algebraic errors

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This was the first question on the paper where there was wide discrimination between the marks of responses, and many struggled with knowing how to handle a quartic function. Part (c) involved assuming that the quartic intersects the x-axis at exactly four places with the aim to find the range of possible translation factors of the curve. Many responses found the y coordinate of the local minimum. Those who found a quartic in part (b) were often successful at this. Common errors were not appropriately using the y coordinate to describe the translation factor or not considering the minimum value. Those with positive quartic functions could not score the final mark as the figure provided already showed that this was not the case. 12

Common mistakes

• minimum at x = 2 has y = −243, so shift up by between 0 and 243: 0 < k < 243 (strict)
• needs a negative quartic from (b)

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question tested knowledge of the intersection of lines and curves. The majority of learners found this question accessible, but some learners did not gain marks due to work particularly for part (b) appearing in part (a) and then no reference made that this should also be for part (b). For others it was for just generally not labelling the question parts and not being clear which part it belonged to, if not attempted in order. Learners should be reminded of the importance of clearly labelling and identifying each part of a question. Generally, part (a) was answered well. Many of the responses, in demonstrating the verification, substituted 6 x = into both equations to show that both y values were the same although a significant minority then forgot to write a conclusion or to say that the lines intersect where 6. x = A less popular approach was to cross multiply to achieve a cubic followed by substituting 6 x = to show the equation = 0, stating 6 x = is a root so they intersect. Similarly, the long division approach was less popular however, learners who used this approach were often successful. A significant number of responses did not include an appropriate conclusion. In show/verify/prove-type questions, learners should be advised to always finish with a statement which reiterates whatever they were being asked to show/verify/prove – usually, the wording can be lifted directly from the question. A few learners used their scientific calculators to find the three roots, one of which was ( 6 x = ), thereby gaining only the mark for the special case.

Common mistakes

• substitute x = 6 into both: y = 90/(15 × 3) = 2 and 2 × 6 − 10 = 2, then conclude they intersect
• calculator roots of the cubic only score the special case

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question was met with mixed success. Whilst many candidates made a reasonable attempt at sketching the quadratic graph in part (a), part (b) proved more challenging, particularly in selecting the correct gradient function and providing adequate justification. Part (b) was less well answered. While some identified the correct function, many failed to justify their choice clearly or accurately. Common issues included: • no justification or vague explanations such as "it’s a cubic" (which applies to all the given options) • stating that it was correct because of the roots, but without explaining the link between the function and its derivative • attempting to integrate each option instead of recognising it as a derivative • incorrectly assuming a connection between the coefficient of 2x being 3 and the original curve being cubic Some selected the correct function but gave ambiguous or incorrect reasons, which prevented them from accessing full marks. A wide range of incorrect gradient choices were also seen. Stronger responses either correctly linked all the required aspects or ruled out the incorrect options through logical reasoning, demonstrating good understanding. Overall, this question differentiated well between candidates.

Common mistakes

• dy/dx = 3x² + 9x: positive quadratic with a root at 0 and a negative root (−3)
• "it's a cubic" or vague root comments are not a justification
• integrating each option

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question tested knowledge of the intersection of lines and curves. The majority of learners found this question accessible, but some learners did not gain marks due to work particularly for part (b) appearing in part (a) and then no reference made that this should also be for part (b). For others it was for just generally not labelling the question parts and not being clear which part it belonged to, if not attempted in order. Learners should be reminded of the importance of clearly labelling and identifying each part of a question. In part (b), the majority of responses equated the equations of C and L and then arranged to obtain a cubic equation. Missing or invisible brackets and a lack of working were the common errors seen here but, overall, there was a high level of accuracy shown in this part of the question. Learners should be advised to take extra care on questions such as this to ensure their working ‘flows’ from one line to the next, with every step shown and no errors in the algebra. Some responses did not gain the marks in (b) because they had expanded the brackets in (a) and did not use it in (b).

Common mistakes

• 15x = (2x − 10)(2x + 3)(x − 3) multiplied out carefully (brackets) to 4x³ − 26x² − 3x + 90 = 0
• label parts clearly so work in (a) counts for (b)

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question, involving the factor theorem and differentiation, was attempted by the vast majority of learners, with nearly all engaging with all three parts. Parts (a) and (b) were generally well-answered. Part (c), however, proved more challenging, with a significant proportion of learners relying on calculator-based methods despite the question clearly stating that these were not acceptable. Part (c) was the most challenging part of the question but was well supported by a clear diagram that helped to improve learners’ ability to solve the problem. A good range of marks were seen for this part of the question, and it differentiated well between the varying understanding of learners across the cohort. While many learners correctly identified that the number of real solutions to the equation f(x) = k depended on the location of k relative to the turning points of the curve, a substantial number relied on calculator methods to find the critical values of k, rather than using written methods as instructed. There were many responses where the required quadratic of x2 – 4 (or maybe 4x2 – 16) was never seen, the cubic was either followed directly by x = 1 4 - , 2, –2, or (4x + 1)(x – 2)(x + 2). These responses scored M0A0 and could only receive limited credit under the special case. Those who did attempt the algebra often reached the correct values but struggled with set notation. A common error when writing the final answer was using the union of two intervals instead of an intersection, while some used inclusive inequalities instead of strict inequalities and others made no attempt to use set notation. Despite this, many understood the underlying concept and were able to identify the correct range for k, even if it was not expressed with the required detail.

Common mistakes

• use the factor theorem on f′(x): (4x + 1)(x² − 4) must be seen, not roots from a calculator
• lower minimum f(−2) = −5
• four solutions between the lower minimum and the local maximum: {k : −5 < k < 4735/768}
• intersection not union
• strict inequalities
• must use set notation

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question, assessing understanding of modulus functions, composite functions and the range, was accessible to almost all learners. Generally, responses scored well on the first two parts but did not find a simple strategy for the last part. In part (a), the modulus idea was understood by most learners who knew to substitute 1 x = and 1 x = - into f(x) achieving the correct answers 3 and 11. A number of responses did not gain the accuracy mark by either stating that 3, 11 a = or 3, 11 x = . Some found incorrect additional solutions, often –13 and –21 (thinking that 3 x - could be positive or negative), or giving a range of values such as 3 < f(a) < 11 and as a result did not gain the accuracy mark. A number of responses found values of a by solving a variety of equations. Many overlooked the modulus signs and treated the function as f(x) = 4(x – 3) – 5.

Common mistakes

• a = ±1 so f(1) = 3 and f(−1) = 11
• not a = 3, 11 or x = 3, 11
• −13 and −21 or a range are wrong
• do not ignore the modulus

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question, assessing understanding of modulus functions, composite functions and the range, was accessible to almost all learners. Generally, responses scored well on the first two parts but did not find a simple strategy for the last part. In part (b), some responses found the minimum value of the function directly from ( ) 2 5 17 - + but a significant number found an expression for gf(x) first ( ) 2 4 3 5 17 x - - + . Of these, some knew to either replace ( ) 3 x - with 0, or x with 3 leading to a minimum value of 7, but a significant number did not know how to proceed from the function gf(x). Having found the correct minimum value, many learners gave the correct answer gf(x) >= 7, but a number incorrectly gave the answer as x >= 7 or f(x) >= 7. A few learners gave their answer in ‘set’ notation and these learners generally scored both marks for this part. Some learners used graphical transformations to arrive at their range, the majority of which got to the final answer, scoring full marks.

Common mistakes

• minimum of f is −5 so gf(x) ≥ 2(−5) + 17 = 7
• range in terms of gf(x), not x ≥ 7 or f(x) ≥ 7

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question, assessing understanding of modulus functions, composite functions and the range, was accessible to almost all learners. Generally, responses scored well on the first two parts but did not find a simple strategy for the last part. Learners found part (c) difficult, and many scored few marks as a result. This part is not dissimilar to questions from previous series but the idea of there being no solutions clearly caused greater difficulties for some. Those who were most successful approached the question thinking graphically, drawing on the given graph a line from the origin to the vertex, finding the gradient, then realising the gradient was between this value and –4 (inclusive of –4). Often the strict inequality for –4 was given and did not gain the final mark, but on the whole this approach was quick and successful. Other responses showed one of the more difficult routes to finding the upper limit for k and invariably had processing errors at some stage. Finally, many responses considered that a discriminant had to be involved because the question mentioned there being “no solutions”, however for most this ended up with them trying to find the discriminant of expressions that were not quadratic.

Common mistakes

• lines y = kx through O: parallel to the left branch at k = −4 (no solutions, included) up to the line through the vertex (3, −5), k = −5/3
• −4 ≤ k < −5/3 (strict −4 loses the final mark)
• discriminant of a linear equation is invalid

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question which required use of the factor theorem and solving simultaneous equations provided an opportunity to score a good number of marks. Some candidates found this question to be accessible and scored full marks or nearly full marks. Others however, encountered difficulties, particularly with part (b) and dropped marks accordingly. Some candidates lost marks because they did not pay heed to the instruction to show all stages of their working. Part (c) was answered quite well, even by those who had made little or no progress in part (a) or part (b). In part (i) many identified that there were three real roots, although stating that there were two real roots was a common incorrect answer. Some also lost the mark because they listed the roots without stating how many there were. In part (ii) many realised that the largest root was 12, although 4 3 was a common incorrect answer.

Common mistakes

• (i) state "3", listing the roots alone scores 0
• 2 is a common wrong answer
• (ii) f(x/3) = 0 is a stretch scale factor 3 so largest root 3 × 4 = 12 (4/3 is a common wrong answer)

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question tested candidates’ ability to sketch graphs and to be able to divide polynomials. Part (a) required the sketching of a reciprocal graph. A significant proportion of candidates did not even attempt to sketch the graph; those that did often produced a good positive reciprocal graph with both branches, scoring the first mark. The second mark proved harder with many graphs being in the wrong place, with an extra asymptote and the x intercept not labelled. The y- axis with a dashed line next to it also resulted in losing the second mark as candidates were not aware that this was implying that their asymptote was not the y-axis. Part (a)(ii) required both the y = x = 3 0 equations of both asymptotes: was common but was not seen as often.

Common mistakes

• y = 6/x translated up 3: both branches, crossing the x-axis only at (−2, 0)
• asymptotes y = 3 and x = 0 (the y-axis, not a separate dashed line)
• x ≠ 0 is not an equation

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question tested candidates’ ability to sketch graphs and to be able to divide polynomials. In part (b), candidates were required to equate both curves and rearrange to obtain a given answer. This was very well answered with the most common error being slips on the indices and not equating the final answer to zero. Those who were unsure what was being asked just proceeded to solve the cubic on their calculator.

Common mistakes

• equate 6/x + 3 = 3x² − 4x − 10 and multiply through by x
• at least one intermediate line
• "= 0" needed

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question on the modulus function provided plenty of access and there were very few blank responses to any part, although many found part (c) challenging. The overwhelming majority of candidates answered part (a) correctly, demonstrating a strong understanding that the minimum y value must occur when 2 0 x - = . The answer was often written down without working. Those candidates that did not gain full marks often achieved the method mark for one correct coordinate. The majority of candidates who scored no marks found the y intercept of the modulus curve instead.

Common mistakes

• vertex where x − 2 = 0, so P(2, 5)
• giving the y-intercept is the common wrong answer

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question on the modulus function provided plenty of access and there were very few blank responses to any part, although many found part (c) challenging. In part (b), the most common approach was to remove the modulus signs and to attempt to solve two equations, usually ( ) 16 4 3 2 5 x x - = - + and ( ) 16 4 3 2 5 x x - = - - + . The more confident candidates had already established that the line would only intersect the right-hand branch of the modulus graph. The most common error in processing was thinking that 3 2 x - was equivalent to 3 6 x + , but, pleasingly, this was less common than in previous series. Some candidates kept the modulus signs in their equation throughout which made the equation difficult to manipulate. Disappointingly, a surprisingly large number of candidates rearranged their equations poorly by not performing inverse operations correctly. For those that lost the accuracy mark in part (b), the most frequent reason was because they failed to reject the solution 5 x = . Those using the diagram to aid visualisation of the problem were generally more successful in rejecting this extra “solution”. Some strong candidates demonstrated an excellent understanding of the relevant domains for each branch of the modulus graph and rejected x = 5 as they had established that an intersection with this branch required x < 2.

Common mistakes

• line meets only the right-hand branch: 16 − 4x = 3(x − 2) + 5 gives x = 17/7
• reject x = 5 from the other branch
• 3(x − 2) is not 3x + 6

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question on the modulus function provided plenty of access and there were very few blank responses to any part, although many found part (c) challenging. Part (c) was found to be less accessible with few candidates scoring full marks for a correct range for k. The candidates that were the most successful in this part of the question were generally those who had adopted a visual approach in the earlier parts of the question and understood how to find the minimum and maximum value of k using their knowledge of gradients. There was more success in finding the correct lower critical value of 0.5 with the most efficient solutions using the coordinates of P with y = kx + 4, but many candidates failed to realise that there was an upper limit for k. There was a reluctance to use diagrammatic reasoning and most resorted to complicated algebra. Many set up simultaneous equations in x and k but did not appear to understand what they were attempting to achieve, failing to solve for k and therefore these attempts did not gain any marks. There were many erroneous attempts that fortuitously achieved k = 3 through an attempt to use a discriminant (despite starting with a non-quadratic equation), and these invalid approaches scored no marks on their own. A few attempted squaring both sides of the equation to form a quadratic equation and then using the discriminant, but this approach often failed due to not isolating an appropriate term (such as 2 x - ) before squaring. Relatively few candidates considered the gradient of the modulus graph and hence failed to obtain an upper bound for k, which meant many only achieved the method mark in this part. Overall, candidates' use of inequality notation was good and although set notation was not required, the vast majority of those that used it did so correctly.

Common mistakes

• line through (0, 4): critical gradients through P (k = ½) and parallel to the right branch (k = 3)
• many miss the upper limit
• ½ < k < 3 joined with "and"/∩, not "or"
• discriminant on a non-quadratic is invalid

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

Marks awarded in this question were generally quite varied. Often candidates made progress in (c) only, by attempting some integration with little correct work seen in (a) or (b). Each part of this question presented a given answer, and candidates who failed to observe the warning in the question about showing all stages of their working, or relying entirely on calculator technology, often lost marks. Those who attempted part (b) employed many varied methods. The easiest approach was to simply to verify that both the line and the curve passed through the point ( 4, 15) - showing sufficient working. Many though, subtracted the equations of the line and the curve again to obtain 3 12 16 y x x = - + . Candidates then either verified that 4 x = - was a solution of 3 12 16 0 x x - + = , or attempted to solve this equation. Those who reached 4 x = - by factorising via 2 ( 4)( 2) 0 x x + - = were in a position to score both marks, but a number relied on their calculator equation solver, and could only be awarded the first mark in part (b). Candidates often lost the final mark for not writing a full conclusion. To score full marks, candidates needed to reach 4 x = - showing sufficient working using a valid method, and also indicate that they had completed the proof.

Common mistakes

• substitute x = −4 into both equations to get y = 15 and conclude
• or factorise x³ − 12x + 16 = (x − 2)²(x + 4)
• stating (−4, 15) alone is insufficient

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question was very effective at highlighting many candidates’ misconceptions about the relationship between function notation and graph transformations. Whilst the majority of candidates coped well with single transformations, a significant proportion demonstrated a lack of secure understanding of multi-step transformations. Part (i) presented few difficulties for most candidates. They either understood, or had memorised, that y = f (x - 2) represented a translation by two units in the positive x direction. The most common incorrect answer here was (1, -2) where candidates had confused the direction of the translation. Similarly in part (ii), a large proportion of candidates, though fewer than in part (i), knew that y = f (2x) represented a stretch of scale factor 1 2 in the x direction. Common incorrect answers were (6, -2), from multiplying the x coordinate by 2 instead of dividing, and (3, -4), which came from multiplying the y coordinate by 2. Part (iii) highlighted that many candidates are potentially guessing the net effect of a multi-step transformation rather than separately considering the stepwise effect of the individual transformations. It appears that they are mainly unsure of the order in which the transformations take place and, probably because of this, what effect each step will have, and on which variable. The variety and range of incorrect answers was perhaps surprising. Whilst some candidates provided evidence to explain their logic, most simply wrote an answer. In many cases candidates either scored no marks or both marks here. When just one out of the two marks was earned, there was often little evidence to suggest where the correct and incorrect values had come from. Where piecewise transformations were seen, it was clear, perhaps unsurprisingly that translations were more successfully handled than reflection or stretch transformations and sign errors were fairly common. Some candidates drew small sketches to help visualise the transformations which often proved helpful in achieving the correct answer. Occasionally, other candidates came unstuck by apparently misunderstanding that the transformations for each part of the question should be applied to P(3, -2) rather than sequentially applied to the result of the previous part of the question.

Common mistakes

• (i) f(x − 2) translates right: (5, −2) not (1, −2)
• (ii) f(2x) halves x: (1.5, −2) not (6, −2) or (3, −4)
• (iii) 3f(−x) + 5: reflect in y-axis, stretch ×3 in y, then up 5 giving (−3, −1)
• apply each part to P(3, −2), not to the previous answer

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

In part (a), most candidates appeared to know what the reciprocal graph should look like, and the majority positioned it in the correct quadrants. There were a few, though in the minority, who only sketched the section of the graph in the first quadrant. Some candidates actually worked out values and plotted the graph. Often the two asymptotes appeared to be quite adrift of the two axes and occasionally the ends of the curves drifted away from the axes, but it was usually apparent what the candidate’s intention was. There were many candidates who ignored the blank space and sketched their graphs on the lined page.

Common mistakes

• y = k/x with k > 0: two branches in quadrants 1 and 3 only, approaching but not crossing either axis
• sketching only the first-quadrant branch

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

In part (b), most candidates only scored 1 mark out of 3 as they did not consider the section of the graph where x was negative. Those who sketched the line y = 2 on the graph were far more likely to identify the region x < 0, although this was often given as x 0 despite the curve being undefined at x = 0. As such, fully correct answers were few and far between.

Common mistakes

• x < 0 also satisfies the inequality (negative branch)
• x ⩽ 0 is wrong as the curve is undefined at x = 0
• answer x < 0 or x ⩾ 8, not "and" or ∩
• most found only x ⩾ 8

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question began with the familiar calculator warning which was unfortunately ignored by a significant proportion of candidates. As mentioned previously, candidates must be clear on what is allowed when these warnings are stated, or they risk losing a number or marks. In part (a), the majority of the candidates were able to gain the first mark by either substituting 1 into the two equations separately (and almost always achieving 3 y = in both cases) or by setting the two equations equal to each other and then substituting in 1 as required. The majority of candidates, having achieved the point of intersection, drew the correct conclusion but there were many candidates who did not make any suitable comment.

Common mistakes

• substitute x = 1 into both: y = 3 for each
• a conclusion that (1, 3) lies on both curves is needed

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question began with the familiar calculator warning which was unfortunately ignored by a significant proportion of candidates. As mentioned previously, candidates must be clear on what is allowed when these warnings are stated, or they risk losing a number or marks. In part (b), the vast majority of candidates achieved the cubic equation required by equating the two given equations and rearranging to set equal to 0, but a significant proportion ignored the guidance at the top of the question and proceeded to solve the question directly on their calculator, resulting in a maximum mark of 1 out of 5. For those that proceeded further, many used inspection to factorise the cubic using the given factor ( ) 1 x - , while others attempted algebraic division, generally very successfully, achieving the correct quadratic 2 4 6 x x - -. Occasionally, the rearrangements that candidates used resulted in a negative cubic, but despite making the division more challenging it was pleasing that candidates were still generally able to complete this part successfully. However, having arrived at a suitable quadratic, another significant proportion relied on their calculator to solve the resulting equation (set equal to 0) and forfeited the final two marks. For those that showed full working, many assumed that 0 k and chose the incorrect solution, despite often writing 0 k as their justification for rejecting (the correct) 2 10 - . As a result, there were very few candidates who achieved full marks for this question.

Common mistakes

• equate to get x³ − 5x² − 2x + 6 = 0
• (x − 1) is a factor from (a): divide to get x² − 4x − 6
• solve exactly by completing the square or formula, not calculator
• k < 0 so k = 2 − √10 (2 + √10 is positive)

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

In part (a), most candidates were successful in understanding the requirement to substitute zero into NA and NB. There were some processing errors resulting in incorrect values for NA and NB. A significant number failed to score the method mark by not subtracting their values. There were a few candidates that did not recognise the question was scaled in thousands and left a final answer of 5.

Common mistakes

• substitute t = 0: N_A − N_B = 7 − 2 = 5 thousand = 5000 subscribers (5 alone loses the A mark)
• must subtract

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

In part (b), a large majority of candidates were able to deduce that T = 3 and most explanations were around the idea of the values increasing after this point. The next most common explanation centred on the graph being a minimum or having “turning point” at this location. There were also candidates who stated the gradient has increased or was positive.

Common mistakes

• T = 3, when N_A is at its minimum and starts to increase (vertex of the modulus graph)

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

In part (c), a significant number of candidates failed to identify either of the correct equations. Many were able to identify and solve correctly at least one equation to find one critical value for t. A common error often followed their correct equation of 5 = 3t when they wrote the value of t as 3/5 and similarly, but less common, 13 = 3t leading to 3 13 t = . Some students kept the modulus signs within their equations and ignored them at various stages in their working which often led to incorrect equations. There was an array of methods seen trying to negotiate the modulus signs, and A B A B + = + was seen a few times and 2 2 2 A B k A B k + = + = was also seen. Those who found two values for t were generally able to score the 2nd follow through accuracy mark for choosing the outside region for their critical values. The biggest challenge was the final accuracy mark as quite a few candidates did not write the inequalities using set notation. Those who attempted set notation usually were unable to write their answer correctly in that form, some confusing with . A common answer was 5 13 3 3 t t which was condoned for this final mark. Those who attempted the squaring method in this part had minimal success depending on when they chose to square.

Common mistakes

• from the graph form the two valid linear equations without modulus: −t + 7 = 2t + 2 (t = 5/3) and t + 1 = 14 − 2t (t = 13/3)
• outside region
• answer in set notation {t : t < 5/3} ∪ {t : t > 13/3}
• 5 = 3t written as t = 3/5
• squaring incorrectly
• ignoring modulus signs

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This was an accessible question for virtually all candidates. It asked for the point to which P was mapped, and most candidates gave this as a coordinate pair. Part (a) was frequently correct; candidates identified the translation and applied it successfully.

Common mistakes

• translation up 2: (−2, −3)

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This was an accessible question for virtually all candidates. It asked for the point to which P was mapped, and most candidates gave this as a coordinate pair. The attempts at part (b) were less successful. Most solutions used the modulus concept but applied it to both coordinates.

Common mistakes

• modulus acts on the y-coordinate only: (−2, 5)
• common error applying it to both coordinates, (2, 5)

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This was an accessible question for virtually all candidates. It asked for the point to which P was mapped, and most candidates gave this as a coordinate pair. Part (c) was a 3-stage transformation and required the candidates to identify both the transformations and the order in which they were to be applied. This was more of a challenge. In particular, the stretch parallel to the y-axis and final translation were mixed up; those who did, generally received some credit as they obtained x = 0. Question % of candidates scoring full marks 1 42% 2 69% 3 39% 4 49% 5 34%

Common mistakes

• (−2, −5) → (0, −5) → (0, −15) → (0, −13)
• stretch and final translation applied in the wrong order
• (−13, 0) is a special case

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question proved to be a successful question for many candidates with many being able to score most of the marks. Part (d) was poorly answered if it was attempted at all. The most common wrong answers seen were 8, 5, 2 - and 400 whilst the correct answer was rarely seen showing poor understanding of the question.

Common mistakes

• f(x − 5) is a translation 5 to the right, so the root −3 moves to 2
• poorly answered (8, 5, −2 common wrong answers)

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

There was a very mixed response to this question on a cubic function with only one in eight candidates scoring all 6 marks. In part (b) the request to give the answer in set notation proved a challenge for many candidates, with many only gaining the M mark for correctly identifying at least one of the correct inequalities. A minority of candidates gained both marks by giving their answer in acceptable . set notation but there was widespread misapplication of ∩ rather than ∪

Common mistakes

• horizontal line meets C once if k > 8 or k < 0
• set notation {k : k > 8} ∪ {k : k < 0}
• ∩ instead of ∪ is common

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

There was a very mixed response to this question on a cubic function with only one in eight candidates scoring all 6 marks. Part (c) required the candidates to find the equation of the curve. A very common response, which 2 without any appreciation of gained only the first mark, was to give their answer as ( 6) y x x = - 2 ( 6) y ax x = - the stretch factor. Candidates who did appreciate that it could be could easily use the coordinate (2, 8) to find the value of a and hence the equation of the curve. A sizeable minority of otherwise good candidates lost the final mark by incorrectly writing down the 1 ( 2 equation of the curve as . There were many more time consuming and long winded 6) C x x = - 4 methods seen here. A significant number of candidates formed the equation of a cubic, i.e. 3 2 y ax bx cx d = + + + and then attempted to use the points on the curve to find the values of a, b, c and d. This approach was rarely fully correct with many failing to identify that d = 0 or being able to form only 2 equations. A small minority of candidates did attempt to use the turning points at x = 2 and x = 6 to form the equation d y without again, an appreciation of the ( 2)( 6) x x x = - - d need for a stretch factor. It was disappointing to see how many candidates got bogged down in pages of algebraic working without noticing that this part of the question was only worth 3 marks.

Common mistakes

• repeated root at 6: y = ax(x − 6)²
• substitute (2, 8) to get a = ¼
• y = x(x − 6)² without a scores only M1
• general cubic ax³ + bx² + cx + d is long

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

Generally, candidates scored well in the first two parts of this question, by factorising the cubic expression and drawing a graph. The final part, however, where the candidates were required to find a range, was very poorly answered, with few gaining any marks and very few reaching the correct final answer. Part (b) proved to be accessible to most candidates and there were many fully correct responses seen. Candidates who had made a sign error in part (a), were often able to recover and went on to draw a completely correct graph. Axes were labelled with a scale in almost all diagrams. However, a minority of candidates dropped one mark by sketching the graph of a positive cubic (with the correct roots), whilst a few candidates did not have their negative cubic curve going through the required roots.

Common mistakes

• negative cubic (minimum on the left, maximum on the right) through (−3, 0), O and (3, 0)
• a positive cubic loses a mark

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

Generally, candidates scored well in the first two parts of this question, by factorising the cubic expression and drawing a graph. The final part, however, where the candidates were required to find a range, was very poorly answered, with few gaining any marks and very few reaching the correct final answer. Part (c) proved to be very challenging. Candidates were unable to identify the need to differentiate with many of them treating the equation as if it were quadratic and attempting to find the discriminant. Candidates who recognised the need to differentiate generally went on to find the x coordinates successfully, however, it was common for these candidates to write an inequality in terms of x rather than moving forward to find the associated y coordinates. It appears many candidates are not truly confident in the specific meaning of the terms “domain” and “range”. Of the relatively few candidates who did correctly calculate the y coordinate of the turning points, some still lost the final mark by failing to use correct set notation. A few responses were seen where decimal approximations to 6 3 had clearly been obtained from calculator technology alone and these gained no credit.

Common mistakes

• three intersections means k lies between the turning values: dy/dx = 9 − 3x² = 0, x = ±√3, y = ±6√3
• using a discriminant is wrong (cubic)
• answer in k, not x
• set notation {k : −6√3 < k < 6√3} (union is wrong)
• calculator decimals score nothing

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question was based around the intersection of a cubic and a quadratic equation. It proved to be very accessible with many candidates able to make progress in both parts. In fact 30% of all candidates scored full marks on this question. Part (a) asked candidates to verify that the curves intersect at 1 . 2 x = The easiest and most common approach was to substitute 1 2 x = into both equations, obtain y values of 41 4 in each and then conclude that the curves did intersect. Candidates using this approach generally scored the method mark, but some lost the accuracy mark either from failing to show full details of the calculations, or from failing to state the conclusion that the curves intersect. Other methods seen included • setting the equations of the curves equal, rearranging to form a cubic, and then showing that 1 2 x = satisfied the resulting equation. Again, most gained the method mark, but again some lost the accuracy mark due to a lack of a conclusion. • setting the equations of the curves equal, rearranging to form a cubic, using the calculator to solve the cubic equation and then writing down the three solutions, indicating that one of the solutions was 1 . 2 x = This approach could only achieve the method mark here.

Common mistakes

• substitute x = ½ into both: y = 41/4 for each, then conclude the curves intersect

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question was based around the intersection of a cubic and a quadratic equation. It proved to be very accessible with many candidates able to make progress in both parts. In fact 30% of all candidates scored full marks on this question. In part (b) most candidates made some progress with weaker students scoring only the first mark for setting up the cubic equation. The majority were then able to divide by either 1 2 x - or ( ) 2 1 x - to form a quadratic factor and then equation which could then be solved to find the positive root. Marks lost were usually as a result of • slips in establishing the cubic equation or else errors in the division • not giving the exact answer of 4 33 -+ but instead its decimal equivalent • using a calculator to solve the cubic equation 2 3 2 15 42 17 0 x x x + - + =

Common mistakes

• 2x³ + 15x² − 42x + 17 = 0
• divide by (2x − 1) to get x² + 8x − 17
• x = −4 + √33 only (x > 0, reject −4 − √33)
• exact not decimal
• calculator cubic solving scores little

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

The first question on the paper provided a good start for many candidates who were able to score full marks. A fairly small minority solved by squaring both sides of the equation. This method was generally very accurate when used. Most candidates however, attempted the alternative strategy of setting up two separate equations. Of those who did not get full marks, most were able to identify that they should be solving 3 - 2𝑥𝑥 = 7 + 𝑥𝑥 but a common error was in the incorrect manipulation of the equation to get 𝑥𝑥 = -3/4. Others lost minus signs along the way or deliberately removed them, perhaps because this was a question involving modulus signs and they held the misconception that values should therefore be positive. Many candidates were also able to identify that a second solution came from 2𝑥𝑥 – 3 = 7 + 𝑥𝑥 but some incorrectly assumed no negatives were permitted and instead used 2𝑥𝑥+ 3 = 7 + 𝑥𝑥. As with the first solution, the most common error, once identifying the right equation, was due to incorrect rearrangement to give 𝑥𝑥 = 4. Some students however, only set up and solved one equation failing to recognise that two would be required. Although not required by the question, some candidates annotated their graphs; clearly constructing the line 𝑦𝑦 = 7 + 𝑥𝑥 to “show” the 2 solutions. Others unnecessarily calculated y coordinates, perhaps misunderstanding what was required by a ‘solution’. A small number of candidates obtained the correct answers, but then rejected 𝑥𝑥= -4/3. Other candidates incorrectly gave two positive solutions. Candidates should be advised to refer back to the graph provided in the question as a means of checking the validity of their solutions. In this case that one was clearly positive and one negative. A substantial minority of candidates demonstrated a lack of understanding of the modulus function and simply changed negative signs to positive signs or assumed that the modulus function is distributive i.e. |a + b| = |a| + |b|. A small number of candidates included inequalities in every step of their attempt and others maintained the presence of modulus signs throughout their entire attempt.

Common mistakes

• solve 3 − 2x = 7 + x and 2x − 3 = 7 + x (or square both sides: 3x² − 26x − 40 = 0)
• x = −4/3 and x = 10
• common slips x = −3/4 and x = 4
• do not reject the negative root or use 2x + 3
• the graph shows one root is negative
• −1.33 not accepted

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This focussed on the ability of a student to complete the square and proved to be as accessible as the first question. The vast majority of responses seen were fully correct. In response to part (b) both P and Q were often stated correctly with some candidates able to score the follow through mark for their Q from their value of ‘b’ from part (a). Occasionally a mark was lost if they had P =5 instead of y =5 when x=0. Very few sketches were seen, which if correctly labelled would have also scored full marks in (b). It was relatively common in (b)(ii) to see differentiation used, rather than the completed square expression.

Common mistakes

• P = (0, 5), not P = 5
• minimum Q = (2, 1) read from the completed square (−a, b), no need to differentiate

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

The last question on the paper was attempted by most candidates, although there were a significant number of blank responses. Again, this was possibly either due to time, or more likely due to candidates just feeling overwhelmed as the question was the longest on the paper. Most candidates did not attempt part (d), whilst some were able to find that 20 x = they failed to state the coordinates so hardly any candidates scored any marks on this part.

Common mistakes

• Q(x) has no real roots so the only x-intercept of y = f(x) is (4, 0)
• stretch scale factor 5 parallel to the x-axis gives (20, 0)
• y-intercept unchanged (0, 44)
• give coordinates, not just x = 20

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

In part (b), most students understood the need to show that the y-intercepts were the same for both the line and the curve, but often candidates struggled to write an adequate conclusion to verify they meet again, and hence lost this mark.

Common mistakes

• both C and l pass through (0, −23)
• a concluding statement is required

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

In general part (a) was poorly answered, with many candidates seemingly unfamiliar with sketching modulus functions. The majority of candidates scored at least one B mark for their upturned V but a V shape was occasionally seen, typically scoring no marks. Of those with the correct, many could not find the correct intersections and maximum point. Finding the correct y intercept seemed to be less challenging than finding the x intercept or the maximum point. Part (b) was better answered than part (a). Many candidates made correct attempts to find the second critical value of , gaining the M mark, but was often not found. The ‘squaring’ method was occasionally seen, but as this led to a 3TQ in x and k and which was hard to factorise this was rarely successful. The final A mark was often lost due to lack of correct set notation.

Common mistakes

• inverted V (not V)
• vertex (1.5k, k)
• x-intercepts k and 2k
• y-intercept −2k

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

Part (b) was better answered than part (a). Many candidates made correct attempts to find the second critical value of , gaining the M mark, but was often not found. The ‘squaring’ method was occasionally seen, but as this led to a 3TQ in x and k and which was hard to factorise this was rarely successful. The final A mark was often lost due to lack of correct set notation.

Common mistakes

• critical values x = k and x = 5k/3 (solve k − (2x − 3k) = x − k)
• answer {x : x < 5k/3} ∩ {x : x > k}, union scores A0
• set notation required
• squaring is rarely successful

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

There were few fully successful answers to part (c) but some candidates could write down one correct co-ordinate. There was occasional success seen by candidates who used algebra by writing the transformed function as .

Common mistakes

• maximum (1.5k, k) maps to the minimum: x doubled to 3k, y = 3 − 5k
• coordinates the right way round

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question was attempted by most candidates with many being able to secure nearly all the marks in part (c). It was rare, however, for full marks to be scored overall, with most struggling with the transformations in part (b). In part (b), candidates could still score marks for acceptable follow throughs as long as d was a negative value. This enabled some candidates to score usually one of the marks. Some mixed up the horizontal stretch of scale factor 4 and scale factor 1 4 in part (i) and mixed up a translation of 36 units in the positive x-direction with 36 units in the negative x-direction. There were some candidates who only stated the x coordinate whereas the question asked for the coordinates, so they were unable to score in this part.

Common mistakes

• (i) x/4 is a horizontal stretch factor 4: (−720, −3) (not ¼)
• (ii) translation +36 in x: (−144, −3)
• give both coordinates

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

Unsurprisingly candidates found part (c) more challenging, especially (c) (ii) where the significance of x=0 was rarely understood. It was however a good discriminator for stronger candidates.

Common mistakes

• (i) g(x) ≥ −8e² (double the minimum)
• (ii) h has domain x ≥ 0: lower bound h(0) = 2f(0) − 3 = −19, upper bound 16e⁻⁴ − 3 from the maximum
• significance of x = 0 rarely seen
• exact values and correct range notation

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question was answered well by the majority of candidates. However, the question highlights the need for detail in proof and ‘show that’ questions which candidates are clearly still getting used to; it appeared to be even the more able candidates were neglecting to state facts that were needed. Candidates should be encouraged to make sure they provide sufficient reasoning when demonstrating a result or writing a proof. The final part requiring integration, whilst not penalised, brought out a lot of poor notation. Candidates were able to score most marks, however. Those who understood the nature of the curve and the importance of the factors and roots found earlier were able to choose the correct bounds and, usually, go on to achieve full marks. In part (c), those who attempted the question typically integrated correctly; however, it was very mixed when it came to evaluating. There were a number of poor graph sketches and some did not recognise which area they were actually finding and chose the wrong bounds for the integral. When evaluating the integral there were solutions lacking brackets which resulted in sign errors. Although the integral evaluates to be negative, the area is the magnitude of this. If the bounds were used in ascending order, then it was expected to see the negative answer before the positive solution. It was acceptable, following candidates carrying out algebraic integration visibly, that they used their calculator to substitute in their limits and could still score full marks. 10

Common mistakes

• limits −2 and 5 from the factors (region below the axis)
• brackets when substituting
• integral is −1715/3 so area is 571⅔ (do not just write the positive value)

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

Part (a) of this question was generally well answered, with most candidates being able locate P correctly. A few candidates launched into some lengthy algebra, in some cases resulting in values for x and y bearing no relation to the position of P on the diagram. Answers to part (b) from this cohort of candidates were very disappointing and displayed an

Common mistakes

• vertex P(−4, −5) read from the transformation
• lengthy algebra not needed

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

Answers to part (b) from this cohort of candidates were very disappointing and displayed an overreliance on algebra and poor understand of modulus graphs. Very few candidates identified x = -10.6 as the solution to the equation. Instead most answers wrote down the solution to 3x+40 = 2(x+4) – 5 {x =-37} as well as x = -10.6, scoring M1A0. A few candidates used a calculator to directly write down the correct value of x to gain both marks – perhaps not a bad strategy for students who are weak at modulus graphs. A simple check on a calculator would also have established that only x = -10.6 was a solution to the printed equation. Part [c] of this question was one of the most challenging parts of this paper, with hardly any candidates gaining all 3 marks. Candidates seemed unable to ‘visualise’ the question and see directly that there would be an intersection if a was greater than 2, so the B mark was hardly ever gained (and consequently the A mark was immediately lost). The M mark for considering P and attempting a = 5/4 was occasionally gained, although as above this often entailed long winded algebraic methods e.g. solving simultaneous equations to find a.

Common mistakes

• the line meets the left branch only: solve 3x + 40 = −2(x + 4) − 5 to get x = −10.6
• reject x = −37 from the other branch

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

Part (a) of this question was generally well answered, with most candidates being able locate P correctly. A few candidates launched into some lengthy algebra, in some cases resulting in values for x and y bearing no relation to the position of P on the diagram. Answers to part (b) from this cohort of candidates were very disappointing and displayed an overreliance on algebra and poor understand of modulus graphs. Very few candidates identified x = -10.6 as the solution to the equation. Instead most answers wrote down the solution to 3x+40 = 2(x+4) – 5 {x =-37} as well as x = -10.6, scoring M1A0. A few candidates used a calculator to directly write down the correct value of x to gain both marks – perhaps not a bad strategy for students who are weak at modulus graphs. A simple check on a calculator would also have established that only x = -10.6 was a solution to the printed equation. Part [c] of this question was one of the most challenging parts of this paper, with hardly any candidates gaining all 3 marks. Candidates seemed unable to ‘visualise’ the question and see directly that there would be an intersection if a was greater than 2, so the B mark was hardly ever gained (and consequently the A mark was immediately lost). The M mark for considering P and attempting a = 5/4 was occasionally gained, although as above this often entailed long winded algebraic methods e.g. solving simultaneous equations to find a.

Common mistakes

• a > 2 (steeper than the right branch)
• line through P gives a = 5/4, so a ≤ 1.25
• set notation {a : a ≤ 1.25} ∪ {a : a > 2}

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question proved to be more challenging for a number of candidates although many were still able to score full marks. In part (a) it was important for candidates to pay attention to the scale of the graph. Most candidates who did draw a straight-line graph were able to make the link between one point of intersection and one real root to the equation, however, a significant minority of these were unable to construct the correct straight-line graph with enough accuracy to gain both marks for this part of the question.

Common mistakes

• rearrange to cos x = 2x + ½ and draw that line (intercept ½, gradient 2: watch the scale)
• one intersection so one root, a reason is needed

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question on completing the square and the quadratic function was accessible to all, especially the first 6 Part (b) was equally straightforward, even for candidates who did not achieve the correct result in part (a). 2 ( ) a x b c Many used the form or their graphical calculators to produce accurate and well drawn curves. Marks were lost here when candidates drew V shaped curves or had incorrectly placed turning points. As stated earlier, part (c) was a lot more demanding. Rather strangely part (i) was found more accessible than

Common mistakes

• U shape not V
• y-intercept (0, 9)
• minimum (−1, 7) in the second quadrant

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question on completing the square and the quadratic function was accessible to all, especially the first 6 marks. Part (c) was more demanding but there were some excellent responses here. As stated earlier, part (c) was a lot more demanding. Rather strangely part (i) was found more accessible than part (ii). Many candidates sketched the new curve and compared the positions of the turning points noting that had ''moved'' to 1,3 . Disappointingly a rather sizeable majority could only describe this ''movement'' 1,7 21 h( ) x as a ''transformation'' rather than ''translation'' . Fewer students could use the form to 2 2( 1) 7 x 21 x y 0 find the range of the function. Many resorted to substituting producing a range with as one of 9 the limits. Common incorrect answers for the range of h scoring one mark were h( ) 3 x or 0 f ( ) 3 x .

Common mistakes

• (i) needs the word translate and the vector (2, −4), not just "transformation"
• (ii) h(x) = 21/(2(x + 1)² + 7) so 0 < h(x) ≤ 3
• common errors h(x) ≤ 3 or using 9 as a limit

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This was generally a well attempted question with most candidates able to score over half of the marks. In part (b) a significant number used 2 50 x rather than 25 x .Of those who used one of their solutions to part (a), the majority then proceeded to the correct answer, although a significant number did not give the smallest positive solution to the equation. This was usually due to the fact that they used their smallest positive solution to part (a) (i.e. 18.4) in the equation, not realising that they needed to use – 18.4.

Common mistakes

• θ = x − 25 (not 2x − 50)
• use θ = −18.4° (not 18.4°) to get the smallest positive x = 6.6°

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

In general, parts (a) and (b) were well done with part (c) causing some issues. (a) There were many well drawn sketches with the correct equation of the asymptote either stated on the graph or below it. A common mistake was for the lower branch not to cross the x-axis, thus demonstrating a lack of understanding of the relevance of the asymptote (in effect y = 0 became another asymptote). One observation from part (a) is that many candidates ignored the blank section of the paper and attempted to draw their graph on the line page. Whilst this is not an issue, too many candidates failed to use a ruler and had dubiously shaped curves, often curving away from the asymptotes for larger values of x and y.

Common mistakes

• 1/x shape in the 1st and 3rd quadrants shifted up 1
• lower branch must cross the x-axis
• asymptote y = 1 stated
• curves must not bend away from the asymptotes

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

The idea of proof is another new one in this updated specification. It was not well known and a disproportionate number of blank or barely started solutions indicated a lack of expertise in this topic. Candidates who scored full marks for part (i) most often did so via algebraic proof, letting n=2m (for even numbers) and then n=2m+1 (for odd numbers), although several candidates missed out on the final accuracy mark as they failed to insert a conclusion for all n. Weaker candidates tried to use m + 1 instead of 2m + 1 to represent odd numbers. Also many candidates only considered either odd or even numbers, but not both. Candidates who set out to use proof via contradiction tended to score few marks as they did not show an understanding of how to use that method of proof. Proofs via logic were rare and tended to appear as part of a mix of different methods where the candidates seemed to be unclear of the best way to proceed. Some candidates seemed to think that using random numbers to show that the expression is not divisible by 4 amounted to proof (receiving 0 marks). Students need more practice on this style of proof. In part (ii) more candidates approached the problem algebraically than graphically. They were generally able to set up the two equations / inequalities required, but errors often occurred in their use of algebra when attempting to solve them. Some candidates only set up one of the two required inequalities. Many students attempted the question by just substituting numbers in to the expression, with most of these deducing that the statement was always true. Where candidates drew a graph, they often did not describe why their graph indicated that the statement is sometimes true. Many graphs showed a line and a V shape but some were incorrect in the relative positioning of these shapes.

Common mistakes

• sometimes true: false for 9.25 < x < 9.5, true e.g. x = 12
• give one example of each
• substituting a few numbers led many to "always true"
• graph needs V shape and line crossing twice

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

As a general point, it is worth noting that a good examination technique is to look at the mark marks, yet produced half a page of work in (c) or (d) which had an allocation of just 2 marks. The number of marks allocated to any part of a question is a good hint to the depth and detail of work required. (c) Those who noticed that the value of the constant had changed from 48 to 46 recognised that the new equation had three roots. Only a few went on to explain that f(x) had been transformed by the vector or even just 2 places downwards cutting the x-axis in three places. A large number of candidates did not spot the difference between the equation in (c) and f(x) = 0 and many of those merely explained what they had done in (b). given. Infact quite a few candidates, who had scored only a few marks in parts (a) (b) and (c) combined, achieved both marks here.

Common mistakes

• the constant changed from 48 to 46: f(x) − 2 = 0 is y = f(x) moved down 2 units (or f(x) = 2), so 3 points of intersection and 3 roots

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

As a general point, it is worth noting that a good examination technique is to look at the mark marks, yet produced half a page of work in (c) or (d) which had an allocation of just 2 marks. The number of marks allocated to any part of a question is a good hint to the depth and detail of work required. (d) This part of the question was generally either missed out entirely, or else the correct answer was given. Infact quite a few candidates, who had scored only a few marks in parts (a) (b) and (c) combined,

Common mistakes

• f(x + k) is a translation by −k: roots 4 and −3/2 move to the origin, so k = 4 or −3/2 (sign of k)

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question discriminated well between students of all abilities with part (a) and (b) more accessible to students compared to part (c) and (d). Part (b) was the most successfully answered part of the question. Students realised that the graph of |f(x)| should be above the x-axis. Where students did not gain full credit, this was usually due to poor drawing of loops (not decreasing heights, or rounding at the cusps). A few students chose to draw over the original figure which made it difficult in many cases to determine which pieces formed their graph. They would be well advised to sketch separate graphs in similar questions.

Common mistakes

• modulus graph: negative loops reflected above the axis
• cusps (not rounded) on the t-axis
• decreasing heights

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

Only the strongest candidates scored all 11 marks here, with the majority losing at least 1 mark, usually the first mark in (a) or the last mark in (b). In part (a) (i) many candidates realised that x = 2 was linked to establishing that q = 4 but they found difficulty explaining this by referencing the asymptote, or the denominator being zero. Almost all candidates provided good explanations in (a)(ii) even when they had provided inadequate explanations on part (i)

Common mistakes

• (i) vertical asymptote where the denominator is zero: 2x − q = 0 at x = 2 so q = 4 (explanation often missing)
• (ii) substitute (3, ½)

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

Q07 discriminated well between the medium and higher ability candidates. Lower ability candidates struggled to make much progress with this modelling question and most of them scored no more than one mark. In Q07(a), most candidates wrote down a correct equation for the model in the form , y kx c with constants k and c. A minority struggled to give a suitable form of the linear equation, with some omitting the fixed cost constant, c. Some candidates gave ; y x incorrect answers, such as equations involving exponential models; or differential equations. Q07(b) proved challenging for those candidates who struggled to grasp the concept ‘profit sales cost ’, with many of them incorrectly assuming that the model from Q07(a) was for the profit made. Many of these candidates used (800, 500) and either (300, 80) or (300, 80) to form two linear equations, with some erroneously finding a gradient of 0.84. Those candidates who understood the link between profit and cost usually found the total cost to the factory of £1100 and £680 for 800 and 300 bars of soap respectively. Most used (800, 1100) and (300, 680) to form two linear equations and proceeded to find the gradient, 0.84, and y-intercept, 428. A large proportion concluded by stating 0.84 428. y x the given equation A few candidates, however, did not complete their analysis with a suitable conclusion, and so lost the final mark. Some candidates used (800, 1100) and (300, 680)to verify the model 0.84 428. y x Many of these were successful but often failed to give a suitable conclusion stating that the given model was true. Q07(c) gave a significant number of candidates their only creditable access to Q07. Some candidates gave a correct interpretation such as 0.84 represented ‘the cost of making an extra bar of soap’. Incorrect explanations included that 0.84 represented ‘the selling price of a bar of soap’ or ‘the profit per bar of soap made’. There was a mixed response to Q07(d). The most popular approach was to form and or 2 0.84 428, n n solve a correct 2 which mostly led to the correct 0.84 428 n n n n n 369. 369, answer A final answer left as an inequality such as or 368 without reference to the statement that 369 was the number of bars required, was not n n sufficient for the final mark. Some candidates used trials of both and 368 369 n 369. in a complete trial and error method leading to a correct conclusion of

Common mistakes

• y = kx + c with constants
• omitting the fixed cost c
• exponential or differential equation models wrong

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

Both parts of this question were answered well, allowing students to demonstrate their confidence in integrating fractional expressions in x and working with unknown constants. independent of k, or in (b) inversely proportional to k. Whilst not a requirement for the final A mark in either part, the logical completion of the question would have been to make these conclusions and show an understanding of these mathematical terms. Common method errors in this question included integrating to obtain a natural logarithm in part (b) as well as part (a). Additionally, despite the successful implementation of limits, some careless and disappointing algebra was seen in simplifying their final expressions in an attempt to answer the question. A more unusual but not uncommon error was related to the fact that ‘k’ occurred both in the integral and in the limits. Some students integrated with respect to k whilst others substituted the limits for the term in k rather than the term in x. Other unusual attempts were seen by students attempting to use partial fractions within part (b).

Common mistakes

• integrate to −1/(2x − k), not a logarithm
• limits 2k and k into x
• 2/(3k) is of the form A/k so inversely proportional (do not isw)
• partial fractions not needed

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question on the factor theorem proved to be a good source of marks for many students. Clearly they had been well prepared for this kind of question. Part (c) was usually attempted, but with limited success. In part (i) many achieved one mark, usually for 2 x (or x < - 2 which was condoned for the M mark). Errors from part (b) were often followed through correctly. Only more able (and careful) students gained full marks. In part (ii) many correctly use transformations to state x = -1 and x = 1.25. Some students multiplied the critical values by 2 (instead of dividing by 2) or in other cases they wrote down just one of the two solutions.

Common mistakes

• (i) curve on or below the axis: x ≤ −2 or x = 2.5 (the repeated root where the curve touches the axis is often missed)
• (ii) g(2x) = 0 halves the roots: x = −1, 1.25 (not doubled)

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

part (b) scoring one out of the three marks. Those who managed to sketch the correct part of the parabola rarely were able to explain why the domain (and range) were restricted. Stating that ''because 0 2 t '' was not enough to explain why for instance 1 5 x . The best then 3 2sint students were able to explain that as 1 sin 1 t would have a maximum and a minimum value of 3 2 value of 3 2 5 1.

Common mistakes

• sketch only the arc from (1, 2) to (5, 2) with maximum (3, 6), not the whole parabola
• reason: −1 ≤ sin t ≤ 1 so 1 ≤ x ≤ 5 ("0 ≤ t < 2π" alone is not enough)

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

Part (c) was also demanding and better students annotated their graphs to help their understanding of the question (See Figure 1). Most however used the discriminant condition 2 for two roots and were able to proceed to two values. Arithmetic errors were 4 0 b ac quite common using this method. Most students who proceeded to the answer were well versed in writing their answer using set notation. Figure 1

Common mistakes

• lower value k = 7 from the end point (5, 2)
• x² − 7x + (k + 3) = 0 with b² − 4ac = 0 gives k = 37/4
• answer {k : 7 ≤ k < 37/4} in set notation
• annotate the sketch

Mark scheme (whole question; this part is marked with the orange bar)

Examiner's comment

This question discriminated well between students of all abilities with some students struggling to access the final mark in part (b). In part (b)(i), most students drew a V-shaped graph in the correct position with many labelling 3 or (0, 3) as the y-intercept. In part (b)(ii), those students who superimposed the graph of 3 y x over the graph of 3 y x were usually more successful in explaining why 3 3 x x for all real values of x. Otherwise, a variety of explanations were seen, of which some were detailed, usually containing at least one correct statement. Common errors included explanations which did not consider the case 0 x or explanations including the statement that the graphs of 3 y x and 3 y x were parallel for all 0. x A significant number of students who only tested the statement 3 3 x x for specific values of x (usually one positive and one negative) did not receive any credit in this part.

Common mistakes

• V shape with vertex (0, 3)
• superimpose y = modulus of (x + 3)
• for x ≥ 0 equal, for x < 0 modulus of x plus 3 is greater
• testing particular values gets no credit
• graphs are not "parallel" for x < 0